Soon after the United States entered World War II, the 10th Transportation Battalion was constituted 6 July 1942 in the Army of the United States as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Port of Embarkation then activated on 25 July 1942 at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation, California. In May 1943, the 10th Port, Headquarters and Headquarters Company, formed the nucleus of the 1st Embarkation Group with the critical mission of loading out the reinforced 3rd Infantry Division (Task Force Joss) at the North African Port of Bizerte, Tunisia, the lunching site for operations in the Mediterranean Sea.
The Allied forces stormed ashore on the island of Sicily on 9 July 1943. On 1 August 1943, the 10th Port began operating the recently captured port at Palermo, Sicily. The Allied forces fought their way across the island then on 9 September forces their way onto the boot of Italy. Once, the port of Naples was operational, there was no longer a need for a military port at Sicily. Naples could support the US Fifth Army’s northward drive up the boot. Unfortunately, the Fifth Army was halted at the Gustav Line where Monte Cassino loomed overhead. Unable to break the strong German defensive line, the Americans decided to conduct another amphibious landing and go around it.The Americans landed at Anzio on 22 January 1944. In February 1944, the 10th Port then went ashore at Anzio to offload supplies and equipment for the eventual breakout in April. In August 1944, the 10th Port moved south to the Port of Naples with the mission of boarding the US Seventh Army for an invasion into Southern France. On 1 September 1944, the 10th Port deployed to the heavily damaged port at Leghorn, Italy, where the unit continued to support US Fifth Army. On 25 November 1945, the 10th Port assumed responsibility for port operations at both Naples and Leghorn. Although the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945, the 10th Battalion still had to run the ports while units departed the continent. It was finally inactivated on 31 January 1947. For its service in the European Theater, the Battalion was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation.
Redesignated 23 August 1954 as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, the 10th Transportation Battalion (Terminal) was allotted to the Regular Army then was activated at Fort Story, Virginia, on 2 September 1954. On 27 June 1955, Fort Story underwent a major reorganization resulting from the inactivation of the 5th and 54th Transportation Battalions (Amphibious Truck). The 169th, 206th and 604th TAT Companies (DUKW) and 870th Port Company of the 5th Battalion were attached to the 10th Battalion. On that day, the 10th Battalion was also attached to the 5th Transportation Terminal Command B.
The 10th Battalion gave up the 606th and 607th Transportation Amphibious Truck (TAT) Companies to the 1st Transportation Battalion (Terminal) (Provisional), which was activated on 15 November 1955. MAJ Herman Nadler assumed command of the 10th Battalion from LTC James F. Wolaver, who assumed command of the 1st Battalion. The 606th TAT was redesignated as the 155th Terminal Service Company on 14 November. As a result of the reorganization, the 10th Battalion retained the following companies:
The 870th Terminal Service Company was relieved from the 376th Transportation Battalion, after its inactivation, and attached to the 10th Transportation Battalion on 25 March 1957. The 155th Terminal Service Company was also relieved from the 14th Battalion and attached to the 10th Battalion on 1 February. These changes were made as a pre-planning phase for the training of SUNEC and Project 572.
On 28 March 1963, the 14th Transportation Battalion was inactivated at Fort Story and the 155th Terminal Service Company was attached to the 10th Battalion. The battalion participated as part of the neutral forces during Exercise Swift Strike III in Leesburg, South Carolina, from July through August 1963. The 155th Terminal Service Company participated in Operation Webfoot VII at neighboring Little Creek, Virginia. From June through September 1964, the 155th Terminal Service Company supported Reserve Training program at Fort Story.
By 1965, the 10th Terminal Battalion had the following companies:
In 1962, communist insurgents launched a guerrilla war to usurp the unification elections in the Republic of South Vietnam. The United States then sent advisors and helicopter companies to South Vietnam to stabilize the government. In 1965, it became clear that South Vietnam would fall without greater assistance from the United States. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, (MACV) called for an increase in the number of US troops to serve in the combat role against the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army.
South Vietnam did not have the port facilities to support the debarkation and sustainment of troop units in II Corps Tactical Zone. The 1st Logistics Command found the natural harbor at Cam Ranh Bay as an ideal location to serve as one of its two major support base depots. Cam Ranh Bay had a small two-berth pier constructed in 1964. 1st Log approved the plan on 12 May 1965. Since the Vietnamese union refused to send stevedores to Cam Ranh Bay, American soldiers with stevedore experience in Vietnam were levied and sent to unload the first ship to anchor in the bay under the supervision of a Transportation Corps lieutenant on 15 May. Cam Ranh Bay needed a terminal battalion quick.
The first units needed at any port were landing craft to perform lighterage. The 1097th Medium Boat Company arrived in Vietnam on 30 May 1965. The Mike boats would conduct ship-to-shore lighterage to take the pressure off of the small pier. The 97th Heavy Boat Company’ advance party arrived at Cam Ranh Bay on 26 May, to make three LCU 1466s operational. The main body arrived with three more LCUs on 31 May. The rest of the unit arrived with its equipment on 2 June. To offload the equipment, the bay needed military stevedores. The 123rd Terminal Service Company arrived on 30 May.
On 23 September 1965, HHD, 10th Terminal Battalion, under the command of LTC Robert W. Gentleman, arrived at Cam Rahn Bay to provide command and control of the terminal and boat companies. The Battalion fell under the control of the 4th Transportation Command (Terminal) that had arrived at Saigon on 12 August. By early 1966, the Cam Ranh Bay Support Command was organized to assume operational control over all logistic operations in the area.
The units that arrived moved into GP Medium tents and had to construct their base came, headquarters buildings, motor pools, mess halls and other facilities all while offloading cargo. The engineers constructed a 120-foot extension of rocks and earth onto the existing causeway. They salvaged two concrete mooring blocks from an abandoned pier and placed them on either sides of the berth. Then they secured mooring barges to them. With this in place, the Comet arrived with its cargo of a Korea Marine Brigade which would provide security around Cam Ranh Bay. The roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) vessel moored with her stern toward the beach while the two forward anchors held her bow in place and the mooring blocks and barges held her stern in place. The 10th Battalion safely discharged the Comet in one day
The installation of the DeLong Pier (Pier #2) gave Cam Ranh Bay a deep draft capability and required two more terminal service companies. The 155th Terminal Service Company came down from Qui Nhon on 7 November. It had left Fort Story on 26-27 May 1965 and arrived at Saigon on 3 June. It was reformed and moved to Qui Nhon the next day. The 870th Terminal Service Company also arrived on 18 February 1966, where it worked the north side of the DeLong Pier and the 155th worked the south side.
During October and November 1966, the 155th Terminal Service sent two platoons to Vung Ro Bay in support of the 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized) during Operation Robin. This was the first time that Vung Ro Bay was used as a port of discharge. The company set the Port Monthly Tonnage Record of 35,131 short tons in October 1966 and the one-day tonnage record on 19 November 1966.
On 1 October 1966, the 124th Transportation Command was activated to provide command and control over the transportation battalions in the Cam Ranh Bay area. By that time, the 10th Battalion had expanded its operations to subports at Phan Rang and Nha Trang.
The 458th LARC Company arrived at Cam Ranh Bay, on 13 October 1966. At that time it was the only amphibious unit in the Operating Theater. It moved to Vung Tau to support the air base there. The LARC Vs and remaining company equipment arrived at Vung Tau on another vessel. The 458th “Sea Tigers” had the mission to transport men and equipment from ship to shore where ever needed. Besides the LST beach at Cam Ranh Bay, they operated at Nha Trang, Phan Rang, Phan Thiet, and Vung Ro Bay. At Phan Thiet, 5 LARCs supported the 2nd Battalion 7th Cavalry during Operation Byrd.
On 26 June 1967, the 1097th Medium Boat, under the command of CPT William Pagonis, received a call to move to Dong Tam in III Corps Tactical Zone where it was assigned to the 9th Infantry Division. While under the command of First Lieutenant R. A. “Pete” Sellers, the 458th received six Boston Whalers to conduct harbor patrols in August 1967. The company’s mission was transitioning from logistical and ship-to-shore operations to inland-water security and port security tasks. The 458th received its Patrol Boat, River (PBR) MK IIs in early 1968 and became the only PBR company in the US Army. It was transferred to the command of the 18th MP Brigade and moved its headquarters to Vung Tau
On 15 December 1968, the 97th assumed control of the Provisional LARC Platoon. 17 LARC Vs assumed the responsibility for the 123rd Terminal Service Company’s ship to shore mission of providing transportation at Nha Trang, Phan Rang and Phan Thiet and also carrying small loads in Cam Ranh Harbor. In addition the Koreans on ROK Island at Cam Ranh Bay depended upon the LARCs for troop movement and water supply. The LARC Platoon completed training to qualify five Korean Army personnel to operate LARC Vs in May 1970.
On 30 August 1970, the 486th Transportation Detachment with USAV Y-487 (Liquid Cargo Barge SP) arrived at Cam Ranh Bay and was assigned to the 97th with the mission of handling coastal POL shipments for the US Army Support Command, Cam Ranh Bay.
The 10th Battalion assumed control over the following companies:
Richard M. Nixon was elected as the President of the United States in November 1968 and had run on the promise to pull US troops out of Vietnam. The 123rd Terminal Service Company had already departed Vietnam on 20 December 1968. The US Army Vietnam began to slowly turn the war over to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) in a program known as Vietnamization. In July 1971, the 97th turned over five LCUs to the ARVN then picked up 13 YFUs from the US Navy. The 10th Terminal Battalion left Vietnam on 30 November 1971. The 870th Terminal Service Company left Vietnam on 17 February 1972 and the 155th Terminal Service Company on 27 June 1972. The 97th Heavy Boat pulled out on 2 March 1972. While in Vietnam the 10th Battalion supported fourteen major campaigns and was awarded three Meritorious Unit Commendations.
The battalions that were sent to Vietnam had a proud history of achievements dating back to World War II. The battalion headquarters created to replace them did not have the same achievements. Not only did the 10th Battalion have a proud terminal history of service during World War II, but it achieved even greater honors in Vietnam. Upon the return of the colors of the 10th Battalion on 30 November 1971, the 182nd Transportation Battalion (Terminal) (Provisional) was reflagged as the 10tth Transportation Battalion (Terminal) and attached to the 7th Transportation Group at Fort Eustis, Virginia. Unlike many of the other transportation battalions, the 10th Battalion had remained a terminal port battalion all though its history.
The 10th Battalion assumed control of the following:
The anti-war and civil right protests had picked up momentum after the media turned against the war in 1968. On 20 May 1972, the battalion assumed a secondary mission and provided 650 for a civil disturbance task force. The task force conducted GARDEN PLOT exercise on 6 and 7 September 1972 and 1st US Army commended the Soldiers for their professionalism. It conducted another GARDEN PLOT Exercise from 18 to 20 January 1973. In February 1973, the US and North Vietnamese sign the Peace Accords in Paris and the US agreed to withdraw ground units from Vietnam. With troops out of the war, the need for a civil disturbance task force diminished. They conducted another Garden Plot Exercise on 28 June and 19 December 1973.
The 10th Battalion received the task to help beautify the Virginia Peninsula area. The 105th Terminal Service Company removed 853 junk automobiles from the York County area on 1 June and 230 junk automobiles from James City County from 11-15 September 1972. These provided valuable in rough terrain forklift operations. On 21 and 22 September 1972, the 10th Battalion also sent 109 Soldiers to clean up the flood damage at Fort Monroe after a hurricane.
During the first two year of its existence, the 10th Battalion went through several organizational changes. On 7 August the 451st Terminal Service Company was transferred to the 38th Transportation Battalion (Truck) and the 784th Medium Boat Company was transferred to the 24th Battalion on 14 August 1972. The 5th Heavy Boat Company was activated on 21 October 1972 and the 264th Terminal Service Company was activated on 19 December 1972. Both were attached to the 10th Battalion replacing the two lost companies. The 77th Engineer Company (Port Construction) was attached on 21 February 1973 then reflagged as the 497th Engineer Company (Port Construction) the same day. The 497th Engineer Company had a proud heritage that had served of six years in Vietnam. The 105th Terminal Service Company was reflagged the 155th Terminal Service the same day. The 155th Terminal Service had not only served for the duration of the Vietnam War, but served under the 10th Battalion at Cam Ranh Bay.
In 1973, the 10th Battalion had the following units:
The 264th Terminal Service Company continued the area beautification project of the 105th and removed 336 junk automobiles from Hampton from 5 to 31 March 1973. Then from 5 to 19 June, the company removed 240 junk automobiles again from Hampton.
On 4 June 1974, the 1098th and 1099th Medium Boat Companies were transferred from the 24th Battalion and attached to the 10th Battalion. The 10th Battalion gave up its 5th Heavy Boat Company to the 11th Battalion.
In the years following the Vietnam War, the federal government reduced the military budget significantly. Training exercises were limited. From 16 October to 10 November 1978, the 329th Heavy Boat provided two LCUs for Operation PIGGY BACK. During the exercise, the new LCU 1600 class vessel could not carry any piece of equipment that exerted more pressure than a 6,000 pound forklift. During the 2nd Quarter, the 329th worked with TARCOM to show that the vessel could take more stress and the restriction was lifted. From 1 October to 4 December 1978, the 329th Heavy Boat supported GALLANT EAGLE off the coast of Florida. On the voyage down, one LCU was involved in the rescue of a commercial fishing boat.
On 17 August 1979, the 11th Transportation Battalion (Terminal) Headquarters and Headquarters Company was transferred to Fort Story, Virginia. The 73rd and 558th Transportation Companies, 497th Engineer Company and 469th Detachment were transferred to the 10th Transportation Battalion.
In 1979, the 10th Battalion provided command and control over the following units:
From May 1979, the 329th Heavy Boat, the 1098th Medium Boat and 469th Detachment participated in Joint Service Logistical Exercise SHIFTING SANDS at Camp LeJeune, NC. The next month, 18-21 June, the 1098th Medium Boat and 469th Detachment participated in a smaller JLOTS exercise, ODEX 2-79, at Fort Story. The 497th Engineer Company provided beach preparation for ODEX and the 558th Transportation Company provided maintenance teams for both SHIFTING SANDS and ODEX. In September 1979, five LCUs of the 97th Heavy Boat were diverted from Joint Training Exercise BOLD EAGLE at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida to help in disaster relief for Alabama. Two LCUs provided ferry operations from Mobile’s state docks to Dauphin Island about 26 miles off the coast until 7 March 1980.
President Ronald Reagan took office in January 1981. He increased the defense budget and poured money back into the military. Each of the unified commands had the money to conduct large scale training exercises to test out its war plans.
The 10th Battalion deployed approximately half of its assigned and attached strength by sea and by air to Vieques and Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico, to participate in the US Atlantic Command (LANTCOM) Exercise TRADEWINDS 87 from 6 to 24 April 1987. The battalion sent 13 cooks in support of Exercise BIG RED in Hythe, England, from 23 April to 16 May and 5 cooks to support Exercise SOLID SHIELD in the Caribbean from 26 April to 21 May 1987. On 6 May 1987, the M/V Sutton returned to Fort Eustis from participation in US Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) Exercises KINDLE LIBERTY 87 and PUENTA DE LA PAZ 87 involving transport of supplies and equipment from the Republic of Panama to Costa Rica, Honduras, and the United States. On 26 June 1987, 2 LCM’s and 1 CUCV were loaded on MV Greenwave for transport to Greenland in preparation for Operation PACER GOOSE. On 10 July 1987, the 329th Heavy Boat supported the Puerto Rico National Guard by transporting twenty-seven pieces of engineer and Infantry equipment to Dominica, West Indies during US LANTCOM Exercise SOLID SHIELD. In addition the unit delivered ammunition from Antigua, West Indies to Dominica, West Indies and then sailed approximately 1700 miles from Dominica, West Indies to Fort. Eustis.
After being alerted in August to deploy in support of Operation DESERT SHIELD, the 10th Battalion swiftly became enmeshed in the various scenarios required to deploy our Army watercraft units. Within three days after being alerted, the Battalion deployed a surge team of 80 personnel to Dammam, Saudia Arabia to download the American Cormorant. The team was composed of members of the 329th Transportation Company (Heavy Boat), the 1098th Transportation Company (Medium Boat), the 73rd Transportation Company (Floating Craft), and the 558th Transportation Company (Floating Craft DS/GS Maintenance). The American Cormorant, a semi-submersible vessel chartered by Third U.S. Army, held a pre-positioned load consisting of ten Landing Craft Mechanized (LCM) 8s, four large (100-foot) tugs, four 1466 series Landing Craft Utility (LCUs), and two 100-ton capacity Barge Derricks (BD).
On 21 September 1990 the 10th Transportation Battalion arrived in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The Battalion became responsible for conducting terminal operations at the Port of Al Jubayl in support of Coalition Forces, who defeated the Iraqi Army during a 100-hour ground war that began on 24 February 1991. On 7 August 1991, the battalion moved to the Port of Ad Dammam. Seven days after the ground war began on 28 February, the 10th Battalion entered Kuwait to open the port of Ash Shuaybah. The port required extensive rehabilitations to clear mines. The dive detachment from the 6th Battalion removed the sunken torpedo boats alongside the piers. During the process, the fuel cylinder on one torpedo exploded, fortunately not killing anyone. After two weeks, the port was operational. The 10th Battalion operated at the Ad Dammam port until redeployment to Ft Eustis, Virginia on 20 September 1991. Again the Battalion was awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation for its service in Southwest Asia.
President Bill Clinton pressured the military junta in Haiti to turn the government over to the duly elected president, Jacque Aristeed. They military junta held out to the last possible moment. The initial plan for Haiti was a forced entry. The planners expected the Haitian military to obstacle the seaport, so they needed LOTS capability and a port opening package delivered by watercraft.
A flotilla of Army watercraft from 10th and 24th Transportation Battalions (Terminal) sailed down to Haiti. The LCU 2000s of the 329th Transportation Company (Heavy Boat), 24th Battalion joined the LCUs of the 97th Transportation Company (Heavy Boat), LT801 of the 73rd Transportation Company towed barge derrick (BD) 6701 and LSV1 and LSV4 of the 10th Battalion set sail on 13 September 1994 to form the largest flotilla of watercraft in convoy since the Cuban Missile Crisis. Since the majority of the watercraft belonged to the 10th Transportation Battalion, it provided command and control of the task force.
The 10th Transportation Battalion was configured for forced-entry. The boats were uploaded with the 7th Transportation Group port opening package of rolling stock (vehicles) for any contingency. They took the sectional floating causeway and BD heavy crane in the event that the Haitians sabotaged the port.
The convoy initially anchored off of the coast of North Carolina at 0800 and waited for the other vessels. The LCUs of Brewster’s serial departed that morning and joined LSV4. The LCUs, LT801, LSV1 and LSV4 sailed as a convoy to Haiti in two serials. CW3 John Marino, vessel master of LSV1, commanded the first serial and CW5 Brewster, vessel master of LSV4, commanded the second serial, which consisted of the LCUs of the 97th Transportation Company. MAJ Thomas Baker, XO of the 10th Terminal Battalion, was designated the Task Force/Convoy Commander. MAJ Baker rode with the first serial and remained at Third Port for the latest possible intelligence on the situation before leaving. The first serial sailed past the second serial at 1930 on 13 September. The second serial joined up behind the first and sailed under radio silence except for navigational aids.
At 0040 on 18 September, the convoy arrived at Grand Turk Islands in the Bahamas and went into a holding area. The vessels just sailed around in a big square for 10 hours. They stopped there to pick up three LCUs loaded with 5,000-gallon fuel tankers. These vessels had left three to four days prior to the others to support refuel operations for air operations. They also picked up commercial tugs and an FSS ship, Nashville. The Nashiville was loaded with combat equipment and vehicles for the US Marines. The fleet departed at 1050 that night.
The fleet arrived at Port Au Prince at 0400 on 20 September. By that time the military junta had agreed to step down from power and allow Jacque Aristeed to become president of Haiti. They also agreed to allow the US Armed Forces to use its ports. There was no longer a need for a forced-entry. Much of what was taken down would have to return. LSV4 was that last vessel to discharge its cargo and rolling stock. It discharged 21 pieces of equipment and picked up 9 pieces and 15 stevedores for opening the port.
The Battalion became responsible for operating the seaports at Port Au Prince and Camp Haitian in support of Joint Task Force 190. It had responsibility for the following units:
Three of the LCUs from the 329th Transportation Company had received the mission to deliver aviation fuel and maintenance support to Great Inagua Island by D-5. The XVIII Airborne Corps planned to operate a forward area rearm and refuel point (FARP) and an aviation intermediate maintenance (AVIM) site on the island’s airstrip. The three LCUs picked up eight 5,000 gallon fuel tankers containing JP5 aviation fuel; a D7G bulldozer; a 10K forklift; 40-foot trailers, expando vans, and prime movers; HMMWVs and trailers and deploying unit containers.
The LCUs 2013, 2015, and 2016 set sail from Third Port, Fort Eustis, on 12 September with CW2 Pat May as the convoy commander. At 2200 hours on 15 September, the vessels arrived at their assembly area ten miles off the island. The 329th Transportation Company Commander, CPT Gene Piskator, accompanied his three LCUs and went ashore with CW2 May and four soldiers at 0500 the next morning to survey the beach for a landing. 1st COSCOM ordered them to only discharge two of the 5,000-gallon tankers and the aviation maintenance equipment. They discharged this within four hours then set sail for Port-au-Prince.
On 3 October, 1st COSCOM tasked the 7th Transportation Group to support the Joint Special Operations Force. On 6 October LCUs 2008 and 2023 transported vehicles, equipment and Special Forces and Civil Affairs soldiers west to Jeremie to restore electrical power in the outlying communities across northern and southern Haiti during Operations Light Switch. They dropped their cargo and passengers off the next day and returned.
In a couple of weeks after 10th Battalion’s original arrival, it was determined that 10th Battalion did not need all the watercraft so it sent the vessels of the 329th Heavy Boat home. The vessels of the 97th Heavy Boat remained. Those LCUs hauled cargo to remote sites and transported troops to R&R beaches. However, the crews of the vessels were not allowed to enjoy the beach facilities and had to eat MREs while the soldiers had barbecues.
The 10th Transportation Battalion deployed on 4 December 1998 in support of Operation Fuerte Apoyo (Strong Support), US SOUTHCOM’s Hurricane Mitch disaster relief effort. The battalion with 8th and 97th Heavy Boat Companies, the 558th Marine Maintenance Company and the dive detachment was responsible for conducting transportation terminal operations in the storm-ravaged countries of Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua in support of Joint Task Forces Bravo and Eagle. The storm had destroyed the transportation infrastructure, knocked down bridges, piers and washed away the channel markers. The only way to deliver humanitarian relief was by landing craft.
In the build up for Operation IRAQI FREEDOM in March 2003, the 10th Battalion was scheduled to off load the 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized) in Turkey to open up the northern front. The Turkish Grand National Assembly voted against letting the United States use its country to attack Iraq. The 10th Battalion did not deploy to Kuwait until after combat operations had already begun. The potential of opening this second front, however, tied up several Iraqi divisions to include the Special Republican Guard in the northern part of Iraqi.
As Saddam Hussein continued to refuse to comply with the UN Resolution to ride himself of weapons of mass destruction, the United States and a few allies invaded the country of Iraq. The 3rd Infantry Division, US Marines and a brigade of British soldiers invaded from Kuwait. The equipment of the 4th Infantry Division waited in ships in the Mediterranean Sea to enter through Turkey to open up a northern front. The 10th Transportation Battalion had the responsibility to open up this port of entry. It had even sent an advance party. Turkish Parliament, however, refused to grant the Untied States permission to invade their neighbor through their country, so the 4th Infantry Division had to sail through the Suez Canal and disembark in Kuwait. The 10th Battalion then deployed to Kuwait and relieved the 11th and 24th Battalions of port operations.
World War II: Sicily; North Apennines; Rome-Arno Vietnam: Defense; Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase II; Counteroffensive, Phase III; Tet Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase IV; Counteroffensive, Phase V; Counteroffensive, Phase VI; Tet 69/Counteroffensive; Summer-Fall 1969; Winter-Spring 1970; Sanctuary Counteroffensive; Counteroffensive, Phase VII; Consolidation I Southwest Asia: Defense of Saudi Arabia; Liberation and Defense of Kuwait; Cease-Fire
